The box size is based on a percent coverage of pixels. The algorithm starts at the COG with a very small size (3x3) and calculates the percentage of on pixels within that box as compared to the number of on pixels in the image. If the percentage is less than desired, the box size is increased in all dimensions by 1 pixel (i.e. to 4x4) and the process repeats. Thus there isn't a formula specifically since the shape and location of all pixels is only examined on a need-to-do basis. Since the box is increased by 1 pixel in all directions you will end up with a square box.
Since with each box size increase you are only examining the new pixels along the border this is quite a fast calculation.
The formula to check if you are done is
continue while
desired percent - (on pixels within box / total on pixels in image) > 0
Make sense?
STeven.
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